China’s Trading History (1): Silk Road Trade

(陆上丝路贸易) 7 min read   For nearly two thousand years, China was the world’s largest trading nation. This series of articles presents a broad-stroke overview of that history in three parts: Silk Road trade, maritime trade, and the opium trade.   The establishment of the ancient Silk Road (古丝绸之路) is generally dated to around 130 […]

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Ancient Towers in Chinese Literature

(中国文学中的楼阁) 6 min read   Certain ancient buildings hold profound significance in Chinese literature as enduring symbols of cultural and historical expression. Among the most celebrated are Yueyang Tower (岳阳楼), Yellow Crane Tower (黄鹤楼), and Tengwang Pavilion (滕王阁). Often referred to as the “Three Great Towers” (三大名楼), they inspired some of the most renowned works

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Following the Footsteps of Tang Poetry

(追寻唐诗的足迹) 6 min read   The Tang dynasty (唐朝), spanning the 7th to the 9th centuries, marked the golden age of classical Chinese poetry. Even today, Tang poetry remains widely read and memorized by Chinese speakers around the world. The Tang educated-elite maintained a strong tradition of travel—first to sit for the progressively demanding civil

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Ode to Friendship

 (友谊颂歌) 5 min read   Friendship is one of the key cardinal relationships emphasized in Confucian ethics. The long-standing tradition among China’s literati of celebrating friendship through poetry reflects the deep value placed on interpersonal bonds. From the Book of Songs (Shijing, 诗经; early 1st millennium BCE) to Tang poetry (Tang shi, 唐诗; 7th–9th centuries

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China’s Trading History (2): Maritime Trade

(海上贸易) 6 min read   Ancient China’s maritime trade largely involved an exchange between manufactured goods from China and natural products from Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. This network connected the economies of the Eastern Hemisphere for centuries, making China the central manufacturing powerhouse of the premodern world.   While the overland

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Imperial Gardens of the Qing Dynasty

(清代的御花园) 5 min read   Qing-dynasty (清朝, 1644–1912) imperial gardens—such as the Mountain Resort in Chengde (避暑山庄), Yuanmingyuan (圆明园), and Yiheyuan (颐和园, also known as the Summer Palace)—are culturally significant because they represent microcosms of the Qing Empire. They showcase Chinese aesthetic traditions while embodying the interaction of nature, human design, and geopolitics. Although each

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Architectural Styles of Traditional Homes

(传统住宅的建筑风格) 5 min read   Shaped by China’s vast geography, varied climate, ethnic diversity, and long-standing cultural traditions, traditional Chinese homes exhibit remarkable architectural diversity. Six representative styles are highlighted below. From north to south, they are the siheyuan (四合院), yaodong (窑洞), Anhui style (徽派), Hakka tulou (客家土楼), Cantonese style (粤派), and qilou (骑楼) homes.

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